JPQL Type Expression
- 문자
- 'Hello'
- 숫자
- 10L(Long)
- 10D(Double)
- 10F(Float)
- Boolean
- ENUM
- package path 포함
- Entity
- TYPE(m) = 상속관계
select i from Item i where type(i) = Book
조건식 - CASE 식
기본 CASE 식
select case when m.age <= 10 then '학생요금' when m.age >= 60 then '경로요금' else '일반요금' end from Member m
단순 CASE 식
select case t.name when '팀A' then '인센티브 110%' when '팀B' then '인센티브 120%' else '인센티브 105%' end from Team t
COALESCE: 하나씩 조회해서 null이 아니면 반환
select coalesce(m.username, '이름 없는 회원') from Member m
NULLIF: 두 값이 같으면 null 반환, 다르면 첫번째 값 반환
select NULLIF(m.username, '관리자') from Member m
JPQL 기본 함수
- concat
- substring
- trim
- lower, upper
- length
- locate
- abs, sort, mod
- size, index (JPA 용도)
사용자 정의 함수 호출
- 하이버네이트는 사용전 방언에 추가해야 한다.
select function('group_concat', i.name) from Item i
경로 표현식
.
을 찍어 객체 그래프를 탐색하는 것
select m.username -> 상태 필드
from Member m
join m.team t -> 단일 값 연관 필드
join m.orders o -> 컬렉션 값 연관 필드
where t.name = '팀A'
상태 필드
- 단순히 값을 저장하기 위한 필드
연관 필드 - 연관 관계를 위한 필드
- 단일 값 연관 필드
- @ManyToOne, @OneToOne, 대상이 entity
- 컬렉션 값 연관 필드
- @OneToMany, @ManyToMany, 대상이 컬렉션
- 단일 값 연관 필드
특징
- 상태 필드: 경로 탐색의 끝, 탐색 X
- 단일 값 연관 경로: 묵시적 내부 조인(inner join) 발생, 탐색 O
- JPQL: select o.member from Ordero
- SQL: select m.* from Orders o inner join Member m on o.member_id = m.id
- 컬렉션 값 연관 경로: 묵시적 내부 조인 발생, 탐색 X
- FROM 절에서 명시적 조인을 통해 별칭을 얻으면 별칭을 통해 탐색 가능
select m.name From Team t join t.members m
- 묵시적 내부 조인이 발생하지 않도록 코드를 작성해야 함.
명시적 조인
select m from Member m joint m.team t
묵시적 조인select m.team from Member m
예시
- select o.member.team from Order o -> OK
- select t.members from Team -> OK
- select t.members.username from Team t -> NO (collection type이기 때문에 탐색 불가)
- select m.username from Team t join t.members m -> OK
Fetch Join
- SQL 조인 종류 X
- JPQL에서 성능 최적화를 위해 제공하는 기능
- 연관 된 엔티티나 컬렉션을 SQL 한 번에 함께 조회 하는 기능
- 회원을 조회하면서 연관된 팀도 함께 조회
- JPQL: select m from Member m join fetch m.team
- SQL:
select M.*, T.* from member M inner join team T on M.team_id = T.id
Team teamA = new Team();
teamA.setName("TeamA");
Team teamB = new Team();
teamB.setName("TeamB");
em.persist(teamA);
em.persist(teamB);
Member member1 = new Member();
member1.setUsername("회원1");
member1.setAge(10);
member1.setTeam(teamA);
Member member2 = new Member();
member2.setUsername("회원2");
member2.setAge(10);
member2.setTeam(teamA);
Member member3 = new Member();
member3.setUsername("회원3");
member3.setAge(10);
member3.setTeam(teamB);
em.persist(member1);
em.persist(member2);
em.persist(member3);
em.flush();
em.clear();
String query = "select m from Member m";
List<Member> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Member.class)
.getResultList();
// 회원1, 팀A(SQL)
// 회원2, 팀A(1차 캐시)
// 회원3, 팀B(SQL) --> N + 1
for (Member member : resultList) {
System.out.println("member = " + member.getUsername() + ", " + member.getTeam().getName());
}
/* select
m
from
Member m */ select
member0_.id as id1_0_,
member0_.age as age2_0_,
member0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_,
member0_.username as username3_0_
from
Member member0_
Hibernate:
select
team0_.id as id1_1_0_,
team0_.name as name2_1_0_
from
Team team0_
where
team0_.id=?
member = 회원1, TeamA
member = 회원2, TeamA
Hibernate:
select
team0_.id as id1_1_0_,
team0_.name as name2_1_0_
from
Team team0_
where
team0_.id=?
member = 회원3, TeamB
fetch join 적용
String query = "select m from Member m join fetch m.team";
List<Member> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Member.class)
.getResultList();
for (Member member : resultList) {
System.out.println("member = " + member.getUsername() + ", " + member.getTeam().getName());
}
/* select
m
from
Member m
join
fetch m.team */ select
member0_.id as id1_0_0_,
team1_.id as id1_1_1_,
member0_.age as age2_0_0_,
member0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0_,
member0_.username as username3_0_0_,
team1_.name as name2_1_1_
from
Member member0_
inner join
Team team1_
on member0_.TEAM_ID=team1_.id
member = 회원1, TeamA
member = 회원2, TeamA
member = 회원3, TeamB
collection fetch join
- 1:N 관계, 컬렉션 fetch join 의 경우, 데이터가 뻥튀기 됨.
- JPQL: select t from Team t join fetch t.members where t.name = '팀A'
- SQL:
select T.*, M.* from team T inner join member M on T.id =M.team_id where T.name=팀A
String query = "select t from Team t join fetch t.members";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.getResultList();
for (Team team : resultList) {
System.out.println("team = " + team.getName() + ", " + team.getMembers().size());
}
/* select
t
from
Team t
join
fetch t.members */ select
team0_.id as id1_1_0_,
members1_.id as id1_0_1_,
team0_.name as name2_1_0_,
members1_.age as age2_0_1_,
members1_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_1_,
members1_.username as username3_0_1_,
members1_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0__,
members1_.id as id1_0_0__
from
Team team0_
inner join
Member members1_
on team0_.id=members1_.TEAM_ID
team = TeamA, 2
team = TeamA, 2
team = TeamB, 1
String query = "select t from Team t join fetch t.members where t.name = 'TeamA'";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.getResultList();
for (Team team : resultList) {
System.out.println("team.name = " + team.getName() + ", team=" + team);
for (Member member : team.getMembers()) {
System.out.println("-> username: " + member.getUsername() + ", member=" + member);
}
}
team.name = TeamA, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@2f860823
-> username: 회원1, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@52b06bef
-> username: 회원2, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@7af3874e
team.name = TeamA, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@2f860823
-> username: 회원1, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@52b06bef
-> username: 회원2, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@7af3874e
fetch join 과 DISTINCT
- SQL의 distinct는 중복된 결과를 제거
- JPQL의 distinct 2가지 기능 제공
- SQL에 distinct 추가
- 데이터가 다르므로 SQL 결과에서는 중복 제거 실패
- 어플리케이션에서 엔티티 중복제거
- SQL에 distinct 추가
String query = "select distinct t from Team t join fetch t.members";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.getResultList();
for (Team team : resultList) {
System.out.println("team.name = " + team.getName() + ", team=" + team);
for (Member member : team.getMembers()) {
System.out.println("-> username: " + member.getUsername() + ", member=" + member);
}
}
/* select
distinct t
from
Team t
join
fetch t.members */ select
distinct team0_.id as id1_1_0_,
members1_.id as id1_0_1_,
team0_.name as name2_1_0_,
members1_.age as age2_0_1_,
members1_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_1_,
members1_.username as username3_0_1_,
members1_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0__,
members1_.id as id1_0_0__
from
Team team0_
inner join
Member members1_
on team0_.id=members1_.TEAM_ID
team.name = TeamA, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@32fa809f
-> username: 회원1, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@e76b097
-> username: 회원2, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@49f40c00
team.name = TeamB, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@643d2dae
-> username: 회원3, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@52d6d273
fetch join과 일반 join의 차이
- 일반 조인의 경우 연관된 엔티티를 함께 조회하지 않음
- JPQL은 결과를 반환할 때 연관관계 고려 X
- 단지 select 절에 지정한 엔티티만 조회.
- 아래 쿼리에서는 Team만 조회하고, members에 대해서 조회하지 않음.
- fetch join을 사용할때만, 연관된 엔티티도 함께 조회 (즉시 로딩)
- fetch join은 객체 그래프를 SQL 한번에 조회 하는 개념
String query = "select distinct t from Team t join t.members";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.getResultList();
for (Team team : resultList) {
System.out.println("team.name = " + team.getName() + ", team=" + team);
for (Member member : team.getMembers()) {
System.out.println("-> username: " + member.getUsername() + ", member=" + member);
}
}
/* select
distinct t
from
Team t
join
t.members */ select
distinct team0_.id as id1_1_,
team0_.name as name2_1_
from
Team team0_
inner join
Member members1_
on team0_.id=members1_.TEAM_ID
team.name = TeamA, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@4ba02375
Hibernate:
select
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0_,
members0_.id as id1_0_0_,
members0_.id as id1_0_1_,
members0_.age as age2_0_1_,
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_1_,
members0_.username as username3_0_1_
from
Member members0_
where
members0_.TEAM_ID=?
-> username: 회원1, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@204abeff
-> username: 회원2, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@3456558
team.name = TeamB, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@788ba63e
Hibernate:
select
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0_,
members0_.id as id1_0_0_,
members0_.id as id1_0_1_,
members0_.age as age2_0_1_,
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_1_,
members0_.username as username3_0_1_
from
Member members0_
where
members0_.TEAM_ID=?
-> username: 회원3, member=com.study.jpa.jpql.Member@58fa5769
fetch join의 특징과 한계
- fetch join 대상에는 별칭을 줄 수 없다.
- 하이버네이트는 가능하나, 가급적 사용 안하는 게 좋음.
- 둘 이상의 컬렉션은 fetch join 불가능
- 엔티티에 직접 적용하는 글로벌 로딩 전략보다 우선함.
- 실무에서 글로벌 로딩 전략은 모두 지연 로딩
- 최적화가 필요한 곳은 fetch join 적용
- 모든 것을 fetch join으로 해결 할 수는 없음.
- fetch join은 객체 그래프를 유지할 때 사용하면 효과적.
- 여러 테이블을 조인해서 엔티티가 가진 모양이 아닌 전혀 다른 결과를 내야하면, fetch join 보다는 일반 조인을 사용하고 필요한 데이터들만 조회해서 dto로 반환 하는 것이 효과적
- 컬렉션을 fetch join 하면 paging API를 사용할 수 없다.
- 일대일, 다대일 같은 단일 값 연관 필드들은 fetch join 해도 페이징 가능
- 하이버네이트는 경고 로그를 남기고 메모리에서 페이징 (매우 위험)
String query = "select t from Team t join fetch t.members";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.setFirstResult(0)
.setMaxResults(1)
.getResultList();
WARN: HHH000104: firstResult/maxResults specified with collection fetch; applying in memory!
String query = "select m from Member m join fetch m.team t";
방향을 다대일로 쿼리하여 데이터를 뽑을 수 있음.
@BatchSize를 이용하는 방법
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "team")
@BatchSize(size = 100)
private List<Member> members = new ArrayList<>();
String query = "select t from Team t";
List<Team> resultList = em.createQuery(query, Team.class)
.setFirstResult(0)
.setMaxResults(2)
.getResultList();
for (Team team : resultList) {
System.out.println("team.name = " + team.getName() + ", team=" + team);
for (Member member : team.getMembers()) {
System.out.println("-> username: " + member.getUsername() + ", member=" + member);
}
}
/* select
t
from
Team t */ select
team0_.id as id1_1_,
team0_.name as name2_1_
from
Team team0_ limit ?
team.name = TeamA, team=com.study.jpa.jpql.Team@194d329e
Hibernate:
/* load one-to-many com.study.jpa.jpql.Team.members */ select
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_1_,
members0_.id as id1_0_1_,
members0_.id as id1_0_0_,
members0_.age as age2_0_0_,
members0_.TEAM_ID as team_id4_0_0_,
members0_.username as username3_0_0_
from
Member members0_
where
members0_.TEAM_ID in (
?, ?
)
다형성 쿼리
- 조회 대상을 특정 자식으로 한정
- JPQL: select i from item i where type(i) IN (Book, Movie)
- SQL:
select i from i where i.DTYPE in ('B', 'M')
- TREAT (JPA 2.1)
- 자바의 타입 캐스팅과 유사
- 상속 구조에서 부모 타입을 특정 자식 타입으로 다룰때 사용
- FROM, WHERE, SELECT(hibernate 지원) 사용
- JPQL:
select i from Item i where treat(i as Book).auther='kim'
- SQL:
select i.* from Item i where i.DTYPE='B' and i.auther = 'kim'
- JPQL:
엔티티 직접 사용
기본 키 값
- JPQL에서 엔티티를 직접 사용하면 SQL에서 해당 엔티티의 기본 키 값을 사용
- JPQL
select count(m.id) from Member m
// 엔티티의 아이디를 사용select count(m) from Member m
// 엔티티를 직접 사용
- SQL (두 JPQL이 같은 sql로 치환)
select count(m.id) as cnt from Member m
- JPQL
String query = "select m from Member m where m = :member";
Member findMember = em.createQuery(query, Member.class)
.setParameter("member", member1)
.getSingleResult();
System.out.println("findMember: " + findMember.getUsername());
외래키 값
String query = "select m from Member m where m.team = :team";
List<Member> result = em.createQuery(query, Member.class)
.setParameter("team", teamA)
.getSingleResult();
SQL
select m.* from Member m where m.team_id=?
Named 쿼리
@Entity
@NamedQuery(
name = "Member.findByUsername",
query = "select m from Member m where m.username = :username "
)
List<Member> resultList = em.createNamedQuery("Member.findByUsername", Member.class)
.setParameter("username", "회원1")
.getResultList();
- 미리 정의해서 이름을 부여해두고 사용하는 JPQL
- 정적 쿼리
- Annotation, XML에 정의 가능
- XML이 항상 우선 순위가 높음.
- 어플리케이션 운영 환경에 따라 다른 XML을 배포할 수 있음.
- Application 로딩 시점에 초기화 후 재사용
- Application 로딩 시점에 쿼리를 검증
벌크 연산
- 재고가 10개 미만인 모든 상품의 가격을 10% 상승하려면?
- JPA 변경 감지 기능으로 실행하려면 너무 많은 SQL이 실행 됨.
- 재고가 10개 미만인 상품 리스트 조회
- 상품 엔티티의 가격을 10% 증가
- 트랜잭션 커밋 시점에 변경 감지 동작
- 변경 된 데이터가 100건이라면 100번의 UPDATE SQL가 실행
예시
- 쿼리 한 번으로 여러 테이블 Row 변경 (엔티티)
- executeUpdate()의 결과는 영향 받는 엔티티 수 반환
- UPDATE, DELETE 지원
- INSERT(insert into...select, 하이버네이트 지원)
String query = "update Product p" +
"set p.price = p.price * 1.1 "+
"where p.stockAmount < :stockAmount";
int resultCount = em.createQuery(query)
.setParameter("stockAmount", 10)
.executeUpdate();
주의할 점
- 벌크 연산은 영속성 컨텍스트를 무시하고, 데이터베이스에 직접 쿼리
- 해결 방안
- 벌크 연산을 먼저 실행 하는 방법
- 벌크 연산 후 영속성 컨텍스트 초기화 하는 방법
- 해결 방안
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